Geez, first the humans overheat the hive and now they got us doing this? Read more with some butt-kicking video in And now for something completely different …
The Covid H5N1 Xfeed
I will get back to normal content tomorrow. There is a lot of important Covid news I need to share with you. This is the final set of the French machine’s threads. Very important for us all to be informed about what could be coming. Again, thanks, Justin!
Emmanuel
𝗛5𝗡1 𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗧 𝗨𝗣𝗗𝗔𝗧𝗘 !
(🧵 𝘗𝘈𝘙𝘛 5)
𝙒𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙞𝙛 𝙃5𝙉1 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙖𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙥𝙞𝙜𝙨?
2) First of all, when we see the increase in the nb of chickens in the world, we can't be surprised that H5N1 is over all an Avian influenza.
There are 21.41 billion chicken in the world!
3) Regarding cattle, the world looks a little different from the one we know ...
4) ...with very different geographical breeding zones within the countries.
5) Concerning pigs, there are 800 million pigs for 1.4 billion cattle and the majority are in China.
5) For the moment, according to a recent study, "pigs are highly susceptible to but do not transmit mink-derived highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b"
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
Pigs are highly susceptible to but do not transmit mink-derived highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4bRapid evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) is driven by antigenic drift but also by reassortment, which might result in robust replication in and transmission to mammals. Re…https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.13.571575v2
6) In this study, pigs were experimentally infected with the virus and showed productive viral replication in the respiratory tract, with virus detected in lungs, trachea, bronchi and lymph nodes up to 5 days post-infection.
7) Infection caused moderate to severe pneumonia characterized by necrotizing bronchiolitis and interstitial pneumonia. Viral antigen was detected in respiratory epithelial cells.
All infected pigs seroconverted, indicating they mounted an antibody response to the virus.
8) Virus shedding was detected in nasal and oropharyngeal swabs up to 5 days post-infection, though at relatively low titers.
Sentinel pigs housed with the infected pigs did not become infected, suggesting limited transmission of this virus strain between pigs.
9) Next-generation sequencing identified emergence of mammalian-adaptive mutations in the viral genome after replication in pigs, including PB2 E627K/V and HA Q222L, though at low frequencies (<7%).
10) In conclusion, pigs were highly susceptible to infection but the virus did not efficiently transmit between pigs. Replication in pigs may enable acquisition of mammalian-adaptive mutations.
𝗛5𝗡1 𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗧 𝗨𝗣𝗗𝗔𝗧𝗘 !
(🧵 𝘗𝘈𝘙𝘛 6)
𝙉𝙤𝙣-𝙬𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙛𝙤𝙬𝙡 𝙗𝙞𝙧𝙙𝙨 𝙡𝙞𝙠𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙚𝙚𝙙𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 #𝙃5𝙉1 𝙚𝙥𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙞𝙘 𝙞𝙣 𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙩𝙡𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙐𝙎
𝘕𝘦𝘸 𝘴𝘵𝘶𝘥𝘺 👍 𝘧𝘳𝘰𝘮 @Globalbiosec 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘤𝘰𝘭𝘭𝘦𝘢𝘨𝘶𝘦𝘴
medrxiv.org/content/10.110…
Potential Pathways of Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A/H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b Across Dairy Farms in the United StatesThe emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) A/H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b has led to an unprecedented intercontinental spread, affecting a broad spectrum of avian and mammalian species. Recent o…https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.24306785v1
2) This study investigated the potential pathways of spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b across dairy farms in the US. By analyzing outbreak data and conducting geospatial analyses, the study found that non-waterfowl wild bird species likely ...
3)... introduced the virus initially. Exposure to non-waterfowl birds was significantly higher than waterfowl near outbreak sites. Subsequently, factors like cattle trade, contaminated equipment, and bidirectional spread between cattle and poultry likely amplified the outbreaks.
4) Over 30 dairy farm outbreaks were reported across 8 states from March to April 2024. Spatial analyses showed temporal proximity between poultry/livestock outbreaks, suggesting shared environmental transmission.
5) While wild birds and mammals may have contributed initially, non-waterfowl exposure, cattle trade, farming practices, and spread between cattle/poultry were key factors in the outbreaks according to this analysis.
𝗛5𝗡1 𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗧 𝗨𝗣𝗗𝗔𝗧𝗘 !
(🧵 𝘗𝘈𝘙𝘛 7)
𝙄𝙘𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙙 : 𝘼𝙣 𝘼𝙫𝙞𝙖𝙣 𝙄𝙣𝙛𝙡𝙪𝙚𝙣𝙯𝙖 𝙃𝙪𝙗 ?
𝘛𝘩𝘢𝘯𝘬𝘴 𝘵𝘰 @Crof 𝘢𝘯𝘥 @siamosolocani
𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘐 𝘩𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘭𝘺 𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘰 𝘧𝘰𝘭𝘭𝘰𝘸🤗
microbiologyresearch.org/content/journa…
Iceland: an underestimated hub for the spread of high-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in the North AtlanticHigh-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of the goose/Guangdong lineage are enzootically circulating in wild bird populations worldwide. This increases the risk of entry into poultry produc…https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.001985
2) Samples of HPAIV collected in Iceland between 2022-2023 were analyzed. Three different genotypes of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b were found circulating in wild birds in 2022. A novel H5N5 genotype was also identified in 2023.
3) Full genome sequencing was conducted on selected samples using MinION nanopore sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis assigned the viruses to European genotypes C (subtypes B1 and B2), AB (subtype B2), and I (for the 2023 H5N5 virus).
4) Phylogeographic analysis suggested Iceland acts as a "stepping stone" for transmission of HPAIV between Europe and North America. Genotype C-B1 was linked to transmission events between Iceland, Europe and North America in 2021-2022.
The data support the role of Iceland...
5) ... in the enzootic circulation of HPAIV clade 2.3.4.4b in the North Atlantic region, with potential for onward spread between Europe and North America via wild bird migration routes. Ongoing surveillance is needed to monitor virus evolution and transmission dynamics
Thanks🙏
𝗛5𝗡1 𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗧 𝗨𝗣𝗗𝗔𝗧𝗘 !
(🧵 𝘗𝘈𝘙𝘛 8)
𝙃𝙤𝙬 𝙝𝙪𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙨 𝙘𝙖𝙣 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙘𝙖𝙣’𝙩 𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙘𝙝 𝙗𝙞𝙧𝙙 𝙛𝙡𝙪 ?
thecattlesite.com/news/how-human…
How humans can and can’t catch bird flu - ReutersExpansion to a new mammal species is concerninghttps://www.thecattlesite.com/news/how-humans-can-and-cant-catch-bird-flu-reuters
2) Scientists are monitoring the bird flu virus for changes that could indicate its ability to spread among humans. A cow-to-human transmission case raised concerns. The virus is typically transmitted through contact with wild birds or infected poultry.
3) The spread of bird flu to different species and regions increases the risk of human infection. Infections in cattle are linked to the same bird flu subtype as in wild birds and poultry. There have been rare but deadly bird flu infections in humans.
4) Measures are being taken to contain the spread of H5N1 in dairy cows in the US. The virus has been found in milk samples, but pasteurization kills it.
5) The virus is more widespread among dairies than thought. There is a risk of bird flu spreading to cows in other countries through migratory birds.
Thanks for reading 🙏
𝗝𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗬 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛𝗜𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗛5𝗡1 𝗩𝗜𝗥𝗨𝗦
𝙄𝙣 𝙨𝙚𝙖𝙧𝙘𝙝 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙋𝘽2 𝙜𝙚𝙣𝙚 ...
(𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘭𝘢𝘺𝘮𝘦𝘯 𝘰𝘳 𝘬𝘪𝘥𝘴)
2) H5N1 is a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, commonly known as bird flu. It primarily infects birds, especially poultry, but can also infect humans.
3) It is an influenza virus with a lipid envelope. Its structure includes eight RNA segments encoding viral proteins, such as hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N).
4) What does he look like in real life?
5) But where is the PB2 gene? 🤔
6) H5N1 has a genome composed of eight RNA segments. Each segment codes for a specific protein that contributes to the virus's ability to infect birds and occasionally humans, leading to severe respiratory illness.
7) The PB2 gene in H5N1 is one of the eight RNA segments encoding viral proteins. It codes for the PB2 protein, which plays a crucial role in viral replication and host adaptation.
8) The PB2 gene plays a crucial role in the replication and pathogenicity of the virus. It also facilitates the adaptation of the virus to different host species, allowing it to potentially infect and spread among humans.
9) Mutations in the PB2 gene can contribute to increased virulence and transmission of H5N1, making it an important target for surveillance and research in efforts to control and prevent outbreaks.
10) In the PB2 gene, one mutation 627 is believed to contribute to the ability of H5N1 viruses to overcome the species barrier and infect mammalian hosts, including humans.
11) This is this mutation that we talked about, in a recent thread, and to which we will return with a selection of studies, that we had already posted in 2023 for some.
Hoping this thread was quite "simple"🤗
Thanks for reading 🙏
12) 𝙍𝙀𝙁𝙀𝙍𝙀𝙉𝘾𝙀𝙎 𝙋𝘽2 𝙂𝙀𝙉𝙀
"Comprehensive mapping of avian influenza polymerase adaptation to the human host"
Very interesting study of @trvrb @LouiseHMoncla @jbloom_lab
which maps mutations in PB2 protein that enhance growth in human cells. biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
Comprehensive mapping of avian influenza polymerase adaptation to the human hostViruses like influenza are infamous for their ability to adapt to new hosts. Retrospective studies of natural zoonoses and passaging in the lab have identified a modest number of host-adaptive mutatio…https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/512525v1
13) "Multivalent dynamic colocalization of avian influenza polymerase and nucleoprotein by intrinsically disordered ANP32A reveals the molecular basis of human adaptation"
"In human ANP32A, the deletion prevents the binding of FluPol and NP" biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
Multivalent dynamic colocalization of avian influenza polymerase and nucleoprotein by intrinsically disordered ANP32A reveals the molecular basis of human adaptationAdaptation of avian influenza RNA polymerase (FluPol) to human cells requires mutations on the 627-NLS domains of the PB2 subunit. The E627K adaptive mutation compensates a 33-amino-acid deletion in t…https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.08.548184v1
14) Interesting study from @PeacockFlu also about ANP32
"Mammalian ANP32A and ANP32B proteins drive alternative avian influenza virus polymerase adaptations"
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
Mammalian ANP32A and ANP32B proteins drive alternative avian influenza virus polymerase adaptationsANP32 proteins, which act as influenza polymerase co-factors, vary between birds and mammals. The well-known mammalian adaptation, PB2-E627K, enables influenza polymerase to use mammalian ANP32 protei…https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.282384v1
15) H5N1 can acquire the capacity for airborne transmission between mammals, without recombination in an intermediate host :
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4810786/
16) "Rank orders of mammalian pathogenicity-related PB2 mutations of avian influenza A viruses"
nature.com/articles/s4159…
Rank orders of mammalian pathogenicity-related PB2 mutations of avian influenza A viruses - Scientific Reportshttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62036-5
17) What blocks bird flu in human cells?
"The dynamic proteome of influenza A virus infection identifies M segment splicing as a host range determinant"
nature.com/articles/s4146
The dynamic proteome of influenza A virus infection identifies M segment splicing as a host range determinant - Nature CommunicationsAvian influenza A virus (IAV) strains replicate poorly in mammalian hosts, but mechanisms underlying species restriction are incompletely understood. Here, Bogdanow et al. show that avian and mammalia…https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13520-8
18) A key study 👍 of @SpyrosLytras and colleagues
"BTN3A3 evasion promotes the zoonotic potential of influenza A viruses"
Thanks for reading 🙏 research.ed.ac.uk/files/36220435…
And there we have it. You can now talk with about anyone about H5N1. Caution, you might freak people out …
And now for something completely different …
I do love bees, despite a hornet’s nest falling into my coat while mowing one morning decades ago. I never ran so fast in my life and dove into a river. Bet hey, I got the rest of the day off from the park department and got to suck down beer in the hot sun.
A new study reveals that cooperation by bumblebees isn't simply a result of accumulated individual efforts. Rather, these miniature-brained creatures are not just hard-working pollinators, but also show signs of being master collaborators.
Not sure why they had to use the word “even”. Insectism! Hmm, are you sure the military is not looking at this one …
It has previously been thought that understanding the role of a partner in a cooperative task is a complex phenomenon that is mainly characteristic of big-brained mammals such as humans and chimpanzees. But new research shows that even insects can learn and adapt to cooperative tasks.
…
"This research can contribute to a broader understanding of animal behavior and evolution. It may also inspire new research on the evolution of social intelligence and cooperation in different animal species, as well as applications in areas such as technology, robotics and medicine. A better understanding of the complex behavior and abilities of animals can increase interest in environmental protection and animal welfare," concludes Loukola.
This is really cool … I think.
I got sort of mesmerized by this one.
I ain’t doing squat until my partner gets here!
Lego-pushing bumblebees reveal insect collaboration dynamics
I like to work off the original article but 8 hours of yard work to have zapped me.
These results show that bumblebees’ cooperative behaviour is not simply a by-product of individual efforts but is socially influenced. We discuss how bees’ turning behaviours, e.g. turning around before first reaching the door when their partner was delayed and turning back towards the door in response to seeing their partner heading towards the door, suggest the potential for active coordination. However, because these behaviours could also be interpreted as combined responses to social and secondary reinforcement cues, future studies are needed to help clarify whether bumblebees truly use active coordination.
The Real Deal Research Article
Stay safe and help those who need it most.
take care,
Joe
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New addition. I love this article, easy read but stimulates the brian in many ways.
Viruses Finally Reveal Their Complex Social Life - Quanta Magazine
Where do viruses hide in the human body? | The BMJ
Understanding immunity and viruses through the John Snow Project
Variant tracking at the CDC
Infections at WHN (updated!)
The neuroinvasiveness, neurotropism, and neurovirulence of SARS-CoV-2: Trends in Neurosciences (cell.com)